Pattern family

Deflection and attack

The actual claim goes unanswered. What gets attacked instead is the person who made it, a more interesting topic, a weaker version of the argument built to lose, or a label that does the accusing before any evidence gets examined.

Ad hominem

Relationships and groups

You didn't answer the argument. You answered who I am, and hoped nobody would notice the difference.

Poisoning the well

Relationships and groups

You heard the warning about her before you heard a word she said. By the time she spoke, you'd already decided what it meant.

Red herring

Public discourse

The new topic was more interesting than the old one. That was the whole point of raising it.

Whataboutism / context switching

Public discourse

You let them change the subject because the new subject was easier to condemn than the original question. You were grateful for the redirect.

Dead catting

Public discourse

Throw something shocking on the table and everyone stops asking about what was already on it.

Strawman

Public discourse

The version they defeated was easier to build than the one you actually made.

Testimony dilution

Public discourse

The specific accusation is met with the general label, so the specifics that would complicate the story are never addressed.

False balance

Public discourse

They gave both sides equal time. One side had the evidence. The other had a microphone.

Guilt by association

Public discourse

Nobody claimed you did anything. They just kept putting your name in the same sentence as someone else's, until the sentence was the accusation.

Label weaponization

Public discourse

The label arrives pre-verified. The target is forced to defend against a charge that has no evidentiary standard.

Smear campaign

Relationships and groups

They could not defeat the claim, so they went after the person who made it.

Sealioning

Relationships and groups

Every answer produced one more polite request for a source. The politeness was the weapon. Eventually you were the one who looked unreasonable for stopping.

Genetic fallacy

Public discourse

Where an idea came from is a different question from whether it's true. The two got merged, and only one of them got an answer.

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